Move shader resource descriptor creation out of the backend (#2290)

* Move shader resource descriptor creation out of the backend

* Remove now unused code, and other nits

* Shader cache version bump

* Nits

* Set format for bindless image load/store

* Fix buffer write flag

Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderCache.cs

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <summary>
         /// Version of the codegen (to be changed when codegen or guest format change).
         /// </summary>
-        private const ulong ShaderCodeGenVersion = 2261;
+        private const ulong ShaderCodeGenVersion = 2290;
 
         // Progress reporting helpers
         private volatile int _shaderCount;

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/CodeGenContext.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Text;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
@@ -10,22 +8,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
     {
         public const string Tab = "    ";
 
-        private readonly StructuredProgramInfo _info;
-
         public StructuredFunction CurrentFunction { get; set; }
 
         public ShaderConfig Config { get; }
 
-        public bool CbIndexable => _info.UsesCbIndexing;
-
-        public List<BufferDescriptor>  CBufferDescriptors { get; }
-        public List<BufferDescriptor>  SBufferDescriptors { get; }
-        public List<TextureDescriptor> TextureDescriptors { get; }
-        public List<TextureDescriptor> ImageDescriptors   { get; }
-
         public OperandManager OperandManager { get; }
 
-        private StringBuilder _sb;
+        private readonly StructuredProgramInfo _info;
+
+        private readonly StringBuilder _sb;
 
         private int _level;
 
@@ -36,11 +27,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
             _info = info;
             Config = config;
 
-            CBufferDescriptors = new List<BufferDescriptor>();
-            SBufferDescriptors = new List<BufferDescriptor>();
-            TextureDescriptors = new List<TextureDescriptor>();
-            ImageDescriptors   = new List<TextureDescriptor>();
-
             OperandManager = new OperandManager();
 
             _sb = new StringBuilder();
@@ -84,23 +70,32 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
             AppendLine("}" + suffix);
         }
 
-        private int FindDescriptorIndex(List<TextureDescriptor> list, AstTextureOperation texOp)
+        private static int FindDescriptorIndex(TextureDescriptor[] array, AstTextureOperation texOp)
         {
-            return list.FindIndex(descriptor =>
+            for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
-                descriptor.Type == texOp.Type &&
+            {
+                var descriptor = array[i];
+
+                if (descriptor.Type == texOp.Type &&
                     descriptor.CbufSlot == texOp.CbufSlot &&
                     descriptor.HandleIndex == texOp.Handle &&
-                descriptor.Format == texOp.Format);
+                    descriptor.Format == texOp.Format)
+                {
+                    return i;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return -1;
         }
 
         public int FindTextureDescriptorIndex(AstTextureOperation texOp)
         {
-            return FindDescriptorIndex(TextureDescriptors, texOp);
+            return FindDescriptorIndex(Config.GetTextureDescriptors(), texOp);
         }
 
         public int FindImageDescriptorIndex(AstTextureOperation texOp)
         {
-            return FindDescriptorIndex(ImageDescriptors, texOp);
+            return FindDescriptorIndex(Config.GetImageDescriptors(), texOp);
         }
 
         public StructuredFunction GetFunction(int id)

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Declarations.cs

@@ -70,30 +70,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
                 context.AppendLine();
             }
 
-            if (info.CBuffers.Count != 0)
+            var cBufferDescriptors = context.Config.GetConstantBufferDescriptors();
+            if (cBufferDescriptors.Length != 0)
             {
-                DeclareUniforms(context, info);
+                DeclareUniforms(context, cBufferDescriptors);
 
                 context.AppendLine();
             }
 
-            if (info.SBuffers.Count != 0)
+            var sBufferDescriptors = context.Config.GetStorageBufferDescriptors();
+            if (sBufferDescriptors.Length != 0)
             {
-                DeclareStorages(context, info);
+                DeclareStorages(context, sBufferDescriptors);
 
                 context.AppendLine();
             }
 
-            if (info.Samplers.Count != 0)
+            var textureDescriptors = context.Config.GetTextureDescriptors();
+            if (textureDescriptors.Length != 0)
             {
-                DeclareSamplers(context, info);
+                DeclareSamplers(context, textureDescriptors);
 
                 context.AppendLine();
             }
 
-            if (info.Images.Count != 0)
+            var imageDescriptors = context.Config.GetImageDescriptors();
+            if (imageDescriptors.Length != 0)
             {
-                DeclareImages(context, info);
+                DeclareImages(context, imageDescriptors);
 
                 context.AppendLine();
             }
@@ -246,58 +250,40 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
             throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid variable type \"{type}\".");
         }
 
-        private static void DeclareUniforms(CodeGenContext context, StructuredProgramInfo info)
+        private static void DeclareUniforms(CodeGenContext context, BufferDescriptor[] descriptors)
         {
             string ubSize = "[" + NumberFormatter.FormatInt(Constants.ConstantBufferSize / 16) + "]";
 
-            if (info.UsesCbIndexing)
+            if (context.Config.UsedFeatures.HasFlag(FeatureFlags.CbIndexing))
             {
-                int count = info.CBuffers.Max() + 1;
-
-                int[] bindings = new int[count];
-
-                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
-                {
-                    bindings[i] = context.Config.Counts.IncrementUniformBuffersCount();
-                }
-
-                foreach (int cbufSlot in info.CBuffers.OrderBy(x => x))
-                {
-                    context.CBufferDescriptors.Add(new BufferDescriptor(bindings[cbufSlot], cbufSlot));
-                }
-
                 string ubName = OperandManager.GetShaderStagePrefix(context.Config.Stage);
 
                 ubName += "_" + DefaultNames.UniformNamePrefix;
 
                 string blockName = $"{ubName}_{DefaultNames.BlockSuffix}";
 
-                context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {bindings[0]}, std140) uniform {blockName}");
+                context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {descriptors[0].Binding}, std140) uniform {blockName}");
                 context.EnterScope();
                 context.AppendLine("vec4 " + DefaultNames.DataName + ubSize + ";");
-                context.LeaveScope($" {ubName}[{NumberFormatter.FormatInt(count)}];");
+                context.LeaveScope($" {ubName}[{NumberFormatter.FormatInt(descriptors.Length)}];");
             }
             else
             {
-                foreach (int cbufSlot in info.CBuffers.OrderBy(x => x))
+                foreach (var descriptor in descriptors)
                 {
-                    int binding = context.Config.Counts.IncrementUniformBuffersCount();
-
-                    context.CBufferDescriptors.Add(new BufferDescriptor(binding, cbufSlot));
-
                     string ubName = OperandManager.GetShaderStagePrefix(context.Config.Stage);
 
-                    ubName += "_" + DefaultNames.UniformNamePrefix + cbufSlot;
+                    ubName += "_" + DefaultNames.UniformNamePrefix + descriptor.Slot;
 
-                    context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {binding}, std140) uniform {ubName}");
+                    context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {descriptor.Binding}, std140) uniform {ubName}");
                     context.EnterScope();
-                    context.AppendLine("vec4 " + OperandManager.GetUbName(context.Config.Stage, cbufSlot, false) + ubSize + ";");
+                    context.AppendLine("vec4 " + OperandManager.GetUbName(context.Config.Stage, descriptor.Slot, false) + ubSize + ";");
                     context.LeaveScope(";");
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        private static void DeclareStorages(CodeGenContext context, StructuredProgramInfo info)
+        private static void DeclareStorages(CodeGenContext context, BufferDescriptor[] descriptors)
         {
             string sbName = OperandManager.GetShaderStagePrefix(context.Config.Stage);
 
@@ -305,130 +291,81 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
 
             string blockName = $"{sbName}_{DefaultNames.BlockSuffix}";
 
-            int count = info.SBuffers.Max() + 1;
+            context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {descriptors[0].Binding}, std430) buffer {blockName}");
-
-            int[] bindings = new int[count];
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
-            {
-                bindings[i] = context.Config.Counts.IncrementStorageBuffersCount();
-            }
-
-            foreach (int sbufSlot in info.SBuffers)
-            {
-                context.SBufferDescriptors.Add(new BufferDescriptor(bindings[sbufSlot], sbufSlot));
-            }
-
-            context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {bindings[0]}, std430) buffer {blockName}");
             context.EnterScope();
             context.AppendLine("uint " + DefaultNames.DataName + "[];");
-            context.LeaveScope($" {sbName}[{NumberFormatter.FormatInt(count)}];");
+            context.LeaveScope($" {sbName}[{NumberFormatter.FormatInt(descriptors.Length)}];");
         }
 
-        private static void DeclareSamplers(CodeGenContext context, StructuredProgramInfo info)
+        private static void DeclareSamplers(CodeGenContext context, TextureDescriptor[] descriptors)
         {
-            HashSet<string> samplers = new HashSet<string>();
+            int arraySize = 0;
-
+            foreach (var descriptor in descriptors)
-            // Texture instructions other than TextureSample (like TextureSize)
-            // may have incomplete sampler type information. In those cases,
-            // we prefer instead the more accurate information from the
-            // TextureSample instruction, if both are available.
-            foreach (AstTextureOperation texOp in info.Samplers.OrderBy(x => x.Handle * 2 + (x.Inst == Instruction.TextureSample ? 0 : 1)))
             {
-                string indexExpr = NumberFormatter.FormatInt(texOp.ArraySize);
+                if (descriptor.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed))
-
+                {
-                string samplerName = OperandManager.GetSamplerName(context.Config.Stage, texOp, indexExpr);
+                    if (arraySize == 0)
-
+                    {
-                if ((texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0 || !samplers.Add(samplerName))
+                        arraySize = ShaderConfig.SamplerArraySize;
+                    }
+                    else if (--arraySize != 0)
                     {
                         continue;
                     }
-
-                int firstBinding = -1;
-
-                if ((texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0)
-                {
-                    for (int index = 0; index < texOp.ArraySize; index++)
-                    {
-                        int binding = context.Config.Counts.IncrementTexturesCount();
-
-                        if (firstBinding < 0)
-                        {
-                            firstBinding = binding;
                 }
 
-                        var desc = new TextureDescriptor(binding, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.CbufSlot, texOp.Handle + index * 2);
+                string indexExpr = NumberFormatter.FormatInt(arraySize);
 
-                        context.TextureDescriptors.Add(desc);
+                string samplerName = OperandManager.GetSamplerName(
-                    }
+                    context.Config.Stage,
-                }
+                    descriptor.CbufSlot,
-                else
+                    descriptor.HandleIndex,
-                {
+                    descriptor.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed),
-                    firstBinding = context.Config.Counts.IncrementTexturesCount();
+                    indexExpr);
 
-                    var desc = new TextureDescriptor(firstBinding, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.CbufSlot, texOp.Handle);
+                string samplerTypeName = descriptor.Type.ToGlslSamplerType();
 
-                    context.TextureDescriptors.Add(desc);
+                context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {descriptor.Binding}) uniform {samplerTypeName} {samplerName};");
-                }
-
-                string samplerTypeName = texOp.Type.ToGlslSamplerType();
-
-                context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {firstBinding}) uniform {samplerTypeName} {samplerName};");
             }
         }
 
-        private static void DeclareImages(CodeGenContext context, StructuredProgramInfo info)
+        private static void DeclareImages(CodeGenContext context, TextureDescriptor[] descriptors)
         {
-            HashSet<string> images = new HashSet<string>();
+            int arraySize = 0;
-
+            foreach (var descriptor in descriptors)
-            foreach (AstTextureOperation texOp in info.Images.OrderBy(x => x.Handle))
             {
-                string indexExpr = NumberFormatter.FormatInt(texOp.ArraySize);
+                if (descriptor.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed))
-
+                {
-                string imageName = OperandManager.GetImageName(context.Config.Stage, texOp, indexExpr);
+                    if (arraySize == 0)
-
+                    {
-                if ((texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0 || !images.Add(imageName))
+                        arraySize = ShaderConfig.SamplerArraySize;
+                    }
+                    else if (--arraySize != 0)
                     {
                         continue;
                     }
-
-                int firstBinding = -1;
-
-                if ((texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0)
-                {
-                    for (int index = 0; index < texOp.ArraySize; index++)
-                    {
-                        int binding = context.Config.Counts.IncrementImagesCount();
-
-                        if (firstBinding < 0)
-                        {
-                            firstBinding = binding;
                 }
 
-                        var desc = new TextureDescriptor(binding, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.CbufSlot, texOp.Handle + index * 2);
+                string indexExpr = NumberFormatter.FormatInt(arraySize);
 
-                        context.ImageDescriptors.Add(desc);
+                string imageName = OperandManager.GetImageName(
-                    }
+                    context.Config.Stage,
-                }
+                    descriptor.CbufSlot,
-                else
+                    descriptor.HandleIndex,
-                {
+                    descriptor.Format,
-                    firstBinding = context.Config.Counts.IncrementImagesCount();
+                    descriptor.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed),
+                    indexExpr);
 
-                    var desc = new TextureDescriptor(firstBinding, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.CbufSlot, texOp.Handle);
+                string layout = descriptor.Format.ToGlslFormat();
-
-                    context.ImageDescriptors.Add(desc);
-                }
-
-                string layout = texOp.Format.ToGlslFormat();
 
                 if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(layout))
                 {
                     layout = ", " + layout;
                 }
 
-                string imageTypeName = texOp.Type.ToGlslImageType(texOp.Format.GetComponentType());
+                string imageTypeName = descriptor.Type.ToGlslImageType(descriptor.Format.GetComponentType());
 
-                context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {firstBinding}{layout}) uniform {imageTypeName} {imageName};");
+                context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {descriptor.Binding}{layout}) uniform {imageTypeName} {imageName};");
             }
         }
 
@@ -528,7 +465,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
             {
                 string stage = OperandManager.GetShaderStagePrefix(context.Config.Stage);
 
-                int scaleElements = context.TextureDescriptors.Count + context.ImageDescriptors.Count;
+                int scaleElements = context.Config.GetTextureDescriptors().Length + context.Config.GetImageDescriptors().Length;
 
                 if (context.Config.Stage == ShaderStage.Fragment)
                 {

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/GlslGenerator.cs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
     {
         private const string MainFunctionName = "main";
 
-        public static GlslProgram Generate(StructuredProgramInfo info, ShaderConfig config)
+        public static string Generate(StructuredProgramInfo info, ShaderConfig config)
         {
             CodeGenContext context = new CodeGenContext(info, config);
 
@@ -37,12 +37,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
 
             PrintFunction(context, info, info.Functions[0], MainFunctionName);
 
-            return new GlslProgram(
+            return context.GetCode();
-                context.CBufferDescriptors.ToArray(),
-                context.SBufferDescriptors.ToArray(),
-                context.TextureDescriptors.ToArray(),
-                context.ImageDescriptors.ToArray(),
-                context.GetCode());
         }
 
         private static void PrintFunction(CodeGenContext context, StructuredProgramInfo info, StructuredFunction function, string funcName = null)

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/GlslProgram.cs

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
-{
-    class GlslProgram
-    {
-        public BufferDescriptor[]  CBufferDescriptors { get; }
-        public BufferDescriptor[]  SBufferDescriptors { get; }
-        public TextureDescriptor[] TextureDescriptors { get; }
-        public TextureDescriptor[] ImageDescriptors   { get; }
-
-        public string Code { get; }
-
-        public GlslProgram(
-            BufferDescriptor[]  cBufferDescriptors,
-            BufferDescriptor[]  sBufferDescriptors,
-            TextureDescriptor[] textureDescriptors,
-            TextureDescriptor[] imageDescriptors,
-            string              code)
-        {
-            CBufferDescriptors = cBufferDescriptors;
-            SBufferDescriptors = sBufferDescriptors;
-            TextureDescriptors = textureDescriptors;
-            ImageDescriptors   = imageDescriptors;
-            Code               = code;
-        }
-    }
-}

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGen.cs

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             }
             else if (node is AstOperand operand)
             {
-                return context.OperandManager.GetExpression(operand, context.Config, context.CbIndexable);
+                return context.OperandManager.GetExpression(operand, context.Config);
             }
 
             throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid node type \"{node?.GetType().Name ?? "null"}\".");
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                         switch (memRegion)
                         {
                             case Instruction.MrShared: args += LoadShared(context, operation); break;
-                            case Instruction.MrStorage: args += LoadStorage(context, operation, forAtomic: true); break;
+                            case Instruction.MrStorage: args += LoadStorage(context, operation); break;
 
                             default: throw new InvalidOperationException($"Invalid memory region \"{memRegion}\".");
                         }

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenMemory.cs

@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             string ApplyScaling(string vector)
             {
                 int index = context.FindImageDescriptorIndex(texOp);
-                TextureUsageFlags flags = TextureUsageFlags.NeedsScaleValue;
 
                 if ((context.Config.Stage == ShaderStage.Fragment || context.Config.Stage == ShaderStage.Compute) &&
                     texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageLoad &&
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                     !isIndexed)
                 {
                     // Image scales start after texture ones.
-                    int scaleIndex = context.TextureDescriptors.Count + index;
+                    int scaleIndex = context.Config.GetTextureDescriptors().Length + index;
 
                     if (pCount == 3 && isArray)
                     {
@@ -75,19 +74,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                     {
                         vector = "Helper_TexelFetchScale(" + vector + ", " + scaleIndex + ")";
                     }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        flags |= TextureUsageFlags.ResScaleUnsupported;
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    flags |= TextureUsageFlags.ResScaleUnsupported;
-                }
-
-                if (!isBindless)
-                {
-                    context.ImageDescriptors[index] = context.ImageDescriptors[index].SetFlag(flags);
                 }
 
                 return vector;
@@ -112,7 +98,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageStore)
             {
                 int texIndex = context.FindImageDescriptorIndex(texOp);
-                context.ImageDescriptors[texIndex] = context.ImageDescriptors[texIndex].SetFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
 
                 VariableType type = texOp.Format.GetComponentType();
 
@@ -176,12 +161,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
             if (src1 is AstOperand oper && oper.Type == OperandType.Constant)
             {
-                return OperandManager.GetConstantBufferName(oper.Value, offsetExpr, context.Config.Stage, context.CbIndexable);
+                bool cbIndexable = context.Config.UsedFeatures.HasFlag(Translation.FeatureFlags.CbIndexing);
+                return OperandManager.GetConstantBufferName(oper.Value, offsetExpr, context.Config.Stage, cbIndexable);
             }
             else
             {
                 string slotExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, src1, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0));
-
                 return OperandManager.GetConstantBufferName(slotExpr, offsetExpr, context.Config.Stage);
             }
         }
@@ -205,7 +190,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             return $"{arrayName}[{offsetExpr}]";
         }
 
-        public static string LoadStorage(CodeGenContext context, AstOperation operation, bool forAtomic = false)
+        public static string LoadStorage(CodeGenContext context, AstOperation operation)
         {
             IAstNode src1 = operation.GetSource(0);
             IAstNode src2 = operation.GetSource(1);
@@ -213,11 +198,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             string indexExpr  = GetSoureExpr(context, src1, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0));
             string offsetExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, src2, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 1));
 
-            if (forAtomic)
-            {
-                SetStorageWriteFlag(context, src1, context.Config.Stage);
-            }
-
             return GetStorageBufferAccessor(indexExpr, offsetExpr, context.Config.Stage);
         }
 
@@ -306,7 +286,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
             string src = TypeConversion.ReinterpretCast(context, src3, srcType, VariableType.U32);
 
-            SetStorageWriteFlag(context, src1, context.Config.Stage);
             string sb = GetStorageBufferAccessor(indexExpr, offsetExpr, context.Config.Stage);
 
             return $"{sb} = {src}";
@@ -471,7 +450,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                 if (intCoords)
                 {
                     int index = context.FindTextureDescriptorIndex(texOp);
-                    TextureUsageFlags flags = TextureUsageFlags.NeedsScaleValue;
 
                     if ((context.Config.Stage == ShaderStage.Fragment || context.Config.Stage == ShaderStage.Compute) &&
                         !isBindless &&
@@ -486,22 +464,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                         {
                             vector = "Helper_TexelFetchScale(" + vector + ", " + index + ")";
                         }
-                        else
-                        {
-                            flags |= TextureUsageFlags.ResScaleUnsupported;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        // Resolution scaling cannot be applied to this texture right now.
-                        // Flag so that we know to blacklist scaling on related textures when binding them.
-
-                        flags |= TextureUsageFlags.ResScaleUnsupported;
-                    }
-
-                    if (!isBindless)
-                    {
-                        context.TextureDescriptors[index] = context.TextureDescriptors[index].SetFlag(flags);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -638,32 +600,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             }
         }
 
-        private static void SetStorageWriteFlag(CodeGenContext context, IAstNode indexExpr, ShaderStage stage)
-        {
-            // Attempt to find a BufferDescriptor with the given index.
-            // If it cannot be resolved or is not constant, assume that the slot expression could potentially index any of them,
-            // and set the flag on all storage buffers.
-
-            int index = -1;
-
-            if (indexExpr is AstOperand operand && operand.Type == OperandType.Constant)
-            {
-                index = context.SBufferDescriptors.FindIndex(buffer => buffer.Slot == operand.Value);
-            }
-
-            if (index != -1)
-            {
-                context.SBufferDescriptors[index] = context.SBufferDescriptors[index].SetFlag(BufferUsageFlags.Write);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                for (int i = 0; i < context.SBufferDescriptors.Count; i++)
-                {
-                    context.SBufferDescriptors[i] = context.SBufferDescriptors[i].SetFlag(BufferUsageFlags.Write);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
         private static string GetStorageBufferAccessor(string slotExpr, string offsetExpr, ShaderStage stage)
         {
             string sbName = OperandManager.GetShaderStagePrefix(stage);

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/OperandManager.cs

@@ -94,30 +94,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
             return name;
         }
 
-        public string GetExpression(AstOperand operand, ShaderConfig config, bool cbIndexable)
+        public string GetExpression(AstOperand operand, ShaderConfig config)
         {
-            switch (operand.Type)
+            return operand.Type switch
             {
-                case OperandType.Argument:
+                OperandType.Argument => GetArgumentName(operand.Value),
-                    return GetArgumentName(operand.Value);
+                OperandType.Attribute => GetAttributeName(operand, config),
-
+                OperandType.Constant => NumberFormatter.FormatInt(operand.Value),
-                case OperandType.Attribute:
+                OperandType.ConstantBuffer => GetConstantBufferName(
-                    return GetAttributeName(operand, config);
+                    operand.CbufSlot,
-
+                    operand.CbufOffset,
-                case OperandType.Constant:
+                    config.Stage,
-                    return NumberFormatter.FormatInt(operand.Value);
+                    config.UsedFeatures.HasFlag(FeatureFlags.CbIndexing)),
-
+                OperandType.LocalVariable => _locals[operand],
-                case OperandType.ConstantBuffer:
+                OperandType.Undefined => DefaultNames.UndefinedName,
-                    return GetConstantBufferName(operand.CbufSlot, operand.CbufOffset, config.Stage, cbIndexable);
+                _ => throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid operand type \"{operand.Type}\".")
-
+            };
-                case OperandType.LocalVariable:
-                    return _locals[operand];
-
-                case OperandType.Undefined:
-                    return DefaultNames.UndefinedName;
-            }
-
-            throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid operand type \"{operand.Type}\".");
         }
 
         public static string GetConstantBufferName(int slot, int offset, ShaderStage stage, bool cbIndexable)
@@ -242,9 +234,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
 
         public static string GetSamplerName(ShaderStage stage, AstTextureOperation texOp, string indexExpr)
         {
-            string suffix = texOp.CbufSlot < 0 ? $"_tcb_{texOp.Handle:X}" : $"_cb{texOp.CbufSlot}_{texOp.Handle:X}";
+            return GetSamplerName(stage, texOp.CbufSlot, texOp.Handle, texOp.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed), indexExpr);
+        }
 
-            if ((texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0)
+        public static string GetSamplerName(ShaderStage stage, int cbufSlot, int handle, bool indexed, string indexExpr)
+        {
+            string suffix = cbufSlot < 0 ? $"_tcb_{handle:X}" : $"_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}";
+
+            if (indexed)
             {
                 suffix += $"a[{indexExpr}]";
             }
@@ -254,9 +251,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
 
         public static string GetImageName(ShaderStage stage, AstTextureOperation texOp, string indexExpr)
         {
-            string suffix = texOp.CbufSlot < 0 ? $"_tcb_{texOp.Handle:X}_{texOp.Format.ToGlslFormat()}" : $"_cb{texOp.CbufSlot}_{texOp.Handle:X}_{texOp.Format.ToGlslFormat()}";
+            return GetImageName(stage, texOp.CbufSlot, texOp.Handle, texOp.Format, texOp.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed), indexExpr);
+        }
 
-            if ((texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0)
+        public static string GetImageName(
+            ShaderStage stage,
+            int cbufSlot,
+            int handle,
+            TextureFormat format,
+            bool indexed,
+            string indexExpr)
+        {
+            string suffix = cbufSlot < 0
+                ? $"_tcb_{handle:X}_{format.ToGlslFormat()}"
+                : $"_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}_{format.ToGlslFormat()}";
+
+            if (indexed)
             {
                 suffix += $"a[{indexExpr}]";
             }

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitHelper.cs

@@ -82,7 +82,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 switch (context.CurrOp)
                 {
                     case IOpCodeCbuf op:
-                        return context.PackDouble2x32(Cbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset), Cbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset + 1));
+                        return context.PackDouble2x32(
+                            context.Config.CreateCbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset),
+                            context.Config.CreateCbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset + 1));
 
                     case IOpCodeImmF op:
                         return context.FP32ConvertToFP64(ConstF(op.Immediate));
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 switch (context.CurrOp)
                 {
                     case IOpCodeCbuf op:
-                        return Cbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset);
+                        return context.Config.CreateCbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset);
 
                     case IOpCodeImm op:
                         return Const(op.Immediate);
@@ -125,7 +127,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 switch (context.CurrOp)
                 {
                     case IOpCodeRegCbuf op:
-                        return context.PackDouble2x32(Cbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset), Cbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset + 1));
+                        return context.PackDouble2x32(
+                            context.Config.CreateCbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset),
+                            context.Config.CreateCbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset + 1));
 
                     case IOpCodeRc op:
                         return context.PackDouble2x32(Register(op.Rc.Index, op.Rc.Type), Register(op.Rc.Index | 1, op.Rc.Type));
@@ -136,7 +140,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 switch (context.CurrOp)
                 {
                     case IOpCodeRegCbuf op:
-                        return Cbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset);
+                        return context.Config.CreateCbuf(op.Slot, op.Offset);
 
                     case IOpCodeRc op:
                         return Register(op.Rc);

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitTexture.cs

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                     Operand rd = Register(rdIndex++, RegisterType.Gpr);
 
-                    TextureOperation operation = new TextureOperation(
+                    TextureOperation operation = context.CreateTextureOperation(
                         Instruction.ImageLoad,
                         type,
                         flags,
@@ -132,17 +132,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                     Operand rd = Register(rdIndex++, RegisterType.Gpr);
 
-                    TextureOperation operation = new TextureOperation(
+                    TextureOperation operation = context.CreateTextureOperation(
                         Instruction.ImageLoad,
                         type,
+                        GetTextureFormat(op.Size),
                         flags,
                         handle,
                         compIndex,
                         rd,
-                        sources)
+                        sources);
-                    {
-                        Format = GetTextureFormat(op.Size)
-                    };
 
                     context.Add(operation);
 
@@ -266,17 +264,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
             TextureFlags flags = op.IsBindless ? TextureFlags.Bindless : TextureFlags.None;
 
-            TextureOperation operation = new TextureOperation(
+            TextureOperation operation = context.CreateTextureOperation(
                 Instruction.ImageStore,
                 type,
+                format,
                 flags,
                 handle,
                 0,
                 null,
-                sources)
+                sources);
-            {
-                Format = format
-            };
 
             context.Add(operation);
         }
@@ -615,7 +611,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 {
                     Operand dest = GetDest();
 
-                    TextureOperation operation = new TextureOperation(
+                    TextureOperation operation = context.CreateTextureOperation(
                         Instruction.TextureSample,
                         type,
                         flags,
@@ -764,7 +760,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 {
                     Operand dest = GetDest();
 
-                    TextureOperation operation = new TextureOperation(
+                    TextureOperation operation = context.CreateTextureOperation(
                         Instruction.TextureSample,
                         type,
                         flags,
@@ -888,7 +884,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     {
                         Operand tempDest = Local();
 
-                        TextureOperation operation = new TextureOperation(
+                        TextureOperation operation = context.CreateTextureOperation(
                             Instruction.Lod,
                             type,
                             flags,
@@ -1027,7 +1023,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 {
                     Operand dest = GetDest();
 
-                    TextureOperation operation = new TextureOperation(
+                    TextureOperation operation = context.CreateTextureOperation(
                         Instruction.TextureSample,
                         type,
                         flags,
@@ -1112,7 +1108,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 {
                     Operand dest = GetDest();
 
-                    TextureOperation operation = new TextureOperation(
+                    TextureOperation operation = context.CreateTextureOperation(
                         inst,
                         type,
                         flags,
@@ -1277,7 +1273,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 {
                     Operand dest = GetDest();
 
-                    TextureOperation operation = new TextureOperation(
+                    TextureOperation operation = context.CreateTextureOperation(
                         Instruction.TextureSample,
                         type,
                         flags,

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/TextureOperation.cs

@@ -2,20 +2,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
 {
     class TextureOperation : Operation
     {
-        private const int DefaultCbufSlot = -1;
+        public const int DefaultCbufSlot = -1;
 
         public SamplerType Type { get; private set; }
+        public TextureFormat Format { get; set; }
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; private set; }
 
         public int CbufSlot { get; private set; }
-
         public int Handle { get; private set; }
 
-        public TextureFormat Format { get; set; }
-
         public TextureOperation(
             Instruction inst,
             SamplerType type,
+            TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
             int handle,
             int compIndex,
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             params Operand[] sources) : base(inst, compIndex, dest, sources)
         {
             Type = type;
+            Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
             CbufSlot = DefaultCbufSlot;
             Handle = handle;

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/AstTextureOperation.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
         public int CbufSlot { get; }
         public int Handle { get; }
-        public int ArraySize { get; }
 
         public AstTextureOperation(
             Instruction inst,
@@ -19,7 +18,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             TextureFlags flags,
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
-            int               arraySize,
             int index,
             params IAstNode[] sources) : base(inst, index, sources, sources.Length)
         {
@@ -28,7 +26,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             Flags = flags;
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
             Handle = handle;
-            ArraySize = arraySize;
         }
     }
 }

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/StructuredProgram.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Numerics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 {
@@ -100,7 +99,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
                     texOp.Flags,
                     texOp.CbufSlot,
                     texOp.Handle,
-                    4, // TODO: Non-hardcoded array size.
                     texOp.Index,
                     sources);
             }
@@ -109,34 +107,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             {
                 AstOperand dest = context.GetOperandDef(operation.Dest);
 
-                if (inst == Instruction.LoadConstant)
-                {
-                    Operand slot = operation.GetSource(0);
-
-                    if (slot.Type == OperandType.Constant)
-                    {
-                        context.Info.CBuffers.Add(slot.Value);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        // If the value is not constant, then we don't know
-                        // how many constant buffers are used, so we assume
-                        // all of them are used.
-                        int cbCount = 32 - BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount(context.Config.GpuAccessor.QueryConstantBufferUse());
-
-                        for (int index = 0; index < cbCount; index++)
-                        {
-                            context.Info.CBuffers.Add(index);
-                        }
-
-                        context.Info.UsesCbIndexing = true;
-                    }
-                }
-                else if (UsesStorage(inst))
-                {
-                    AddSBufferUse(context.Info.SBuffers, operation);
-                }
-
                 // If all the sources are bool, it's better to use short-circuiting
                 // logical operations, rather than forcing a cast to int and doing
                 // a bitwise operation with the value, as it is likely to be used as
@@ -169,23 +139,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
                 if (operation is TextureOperation texOp)
                 {
-                    if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageLoad || texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageStore)
+                    if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageLoad)
                     {
                         dest.VarType = texOp.Format.GetComponentType();
                     }
 
-                    AstTextureOperation astTexOp = GetAstTextureOperation(texOp);
+                    source = GetAstTextureOperation(texOp);
-
-                    if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageLoad)
-                    {
-                        context.Info.Images.Add(astTexOp);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        context.Info.Samplers.Add(astTexOp);
-                    }
-
-                    source = astTexOp;
                 }
                 else if (!isCopy)
                 {
@@ -206,17 +165,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             {
                 AstTextureOperation astTexOp = GetAstTextureOperation(texOp);
 
-                context.Info.Images.Add(astTexOp);
-
                 context.AddNode(astTexOp);
             }
             else
             {
-                if (UsesStorage(inst))
-                {
-                    AddSBufferUse(context.Info.SBuffers, operation);
-                }
-
                 context.AddNode(new AstOperation(inst, operation.Index, sources, operation.SourcesCount));
             }
 
@@ -257,26 +209,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             }
         }
 
-        private static void AddSBufferUse(HashSet<int> sBuffers, Operation operation)
-        {
-            Operand slot = operation.GetSource(0);
-
-            if (slot.Type == OperandType.Constant)
-            {
-                sBuffers.Add(slot.Value);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                // If the value is not constant, then we don't know
-                // how many storage buffers are used, so we assume
-                // all of them are used.
-                for (int index = 0; index < GlobalMemory.StorageMaxCount; index++)
-                {
-                    sBuffers.Add(index);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
         private static VariableType GetVarTypeFromUses(Operand dest)
         {
             HashSet<Operand> visited = new HashSet<Operand>();
@@ -301,7 +233,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             {
                 foreach (INode useNode in operand.UseOps)
                 {
-                    if (!(useNode is Operation operation))
+                    if (useNode is not Operation operation)
                     {
                         continue;
                     }
@@ -340,7 +272,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
         {
             foreach (IAstNode node in sources)
             {
-                if (!(node is AstOperand operand))
+                if (node is not AstOperand operand)
                 {
                     return false;
                 }
@@ -356,52 +288,37 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
         private static bool IsBranchInst(Instruction inst)
         {
-            switch (inst)
+            return inst switch
             {
-                case Instruction.Branch:
+                Instruction.Branch or
-                case Instruction.BranchIfFalse:
+                Instruction.BranchIfFalse or
-                case Instruction.BranchIfTrue:
+                Instruction.BranchIfTrue => true,
-                    return true;
+                _ => false,
-            }
+            };
-
-            return false;
         }
 
         private static bool IsBitwiseInst(Instruction inst)
         {
-            switch (inst)
+            return inst switch
             {
-                case Instruction.BitwiseAnd:
+                Instruction.BitwiseAnd or
-                case Instruction.BitwiseExclusiveOr:
+                Instruction.BitwiseExclusiveOr or
-                case Instruction.BitwiseNot:
+                Instruction.BitwiseNot or
-                case Instruction.BitwiseOr:
+                Instruction.BitwiseOr => true,
-                    return true;
+                _ => false
-            }
+            };
-
-            return false;
         }
 
         private static Instruction GetLogicalFromBitwiseInst(Instruction inst)
         {
-            switch (inst)
+            return inst switch
             {
-                case Instruction.BitwiseAnd:         return Instruction.LogicalAnd;
+                Instruction.BitwiseAnd => Instruction.LogicalAnd,
-                case Instruction.BitwiseExclusiveOr: return Instruction.LogicalExclusiveOr;
+                Instruction.BitwiseExclusiveOr => Instruction.LogicalExclusiveOr,
-                case Instruction.BitwiseNot:         return Instruction.LogicalNot;
+                Instruction.BitwiseNot => Instruction.LogicalNot,
-                case Instruction.BitwiseOr:          return Instruction.LogicalOr;
+                Instruction.BitwiseOr => Instruction.LogicalOr,
-            }
+                _ => throw new ArgumentException($"Unexpected instruction \"{inst}\".")
-
+            };
-            throw new ArgumentException($"Unexpected instruction \"{inst}\".");
-        }
-
-        private static bool UsesStorage(Instruction inst)
-        {
-            if (inst == Instruction.LoadStorage || inst == Instruction.StoreStorage)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            return inst.IsAtomic() && (inst & Instruction.MrMask) == Instruction.MrStorage;
         }
     }
 }

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/StructuredProgramContext.cs

@@ -291,10 +291,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             {
                 Info.IAttributes.Add(attrIndex);
             }
-            else if (operand.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
-            {
-                Info.CBuffers.Add(operand.GetCbufSlot());
-            }
 
             return GetOperand(operand);
         }

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/StructuredProgramInfo.cs

@@ -6,31 +6,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
     {
         public List<StructuredFunction> Functions { get; }
 
-        public HashSet<int> CBuffers { get; }
-        public HashSet<int> SBuffers { get; }
-
         public HashSet<int> IAttributes { get; }
         public HashSet<int> OAttributes { get; }
 
-        public bool UsesCbIndexing { get; set; }
-
         public HelperFunctionsMask HelperFunctionsMask { get; set; }
 
-        public HashSet<AstTextureOperation> Samplers { get; }
-        public HashSet<AstTextureOperation> Images   { get; }
-
         public StructuredProgramInfo()
         {
             Functions = new List<StructuredFunction>();
 
-            CBuffers = new HashSet<int>();
-            SBuffers = new HashSet<int>();
-
             IAttributes = new HashSet<int>();
             OAttributes = new HashSet<int>();
-
-            Samplers = new HashSet<AstTextureOperation>();
-            Images   = new HashSet<AstTextureOperation>();
         }
     }
 }

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/EmitterContext.cs

@@ -53,6 +53,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             _operations.Add(operation);
         }
 
+        public TextureOperation CreateTextureOperation(
+            Instruction inst,
+            SamplerType type,
+            TextureFlags flags,
+            int handle,
+            int compIndex,
+            Operand dest,
+            params Operand[] sources)
+        {
+            return CreateTextureOperation(inst, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, handle, compIndex, dest, sources);
+        }
+
+        public TextureOperation CreateTextureOperation(
+            Instruction inst,
+            SamplerType type,
+            TextureFormat format,
+            TextureFlags flags,
+            int handle,
+            int compIndex,
+            Operand dest,
+            params Operand[] sources)
+        {
+            if (!flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.Bindless))
+            {
+                Config.SetUsedTexture(inst, type, format, flags, TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot, handle);
+            }
+
+            return new TextureOperation(inst, type, format, flags, handle, compIndex, dest, sources);
+        }
+
         public void FlagAttributeRead(int attribute)
         {
             if (Config.Stage == ShaderStage.Vertex && attribute == AttributeConsts.InstanceId)

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/EmitterContextInsts.cs

@@ -518,6 +518,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         public static Operand LoadConstant(this EmitterContext context, Operand a, Operand b)
         {
+            if (a.Type == OperandType.Constant)
+            {
+                context.Config.SetUsedConstantBuffer(a.Value);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                context.Config.SetUsedFeature(FeatureFlags.CbIndexing);
+            }
+
             return context.Add(Instruction.LoadConstant, Local(), a, b);
         }
 

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/FeatureFlags.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         FragCoordXY     = 1 << 1,
 
         Bindless = 1 << 2,
-
+        InstanceId = 1 << 3,
-        InstanceId = 1 << 3
+        CbIndexing = 1 << 4
     }
 }

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessElimination.cs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
                     if (bindlessHandle.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
                     {
-                        texOp.SetHandle(bindlessHandle.GetCbufOffset(), bindlessHandle.GetCbufSlot());
+                        SetHandle(config, texOp, bindlessHandle.GetCbufOffset(), bindlessHandle.GetCbufSlot());
                         continue;
                     }
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    texOp.SetHandle(src0.GetCbufOffset() | (src1.GetCbufOffset() << 16), src0.GetCbufSlot());
+                    SetHandle(config, texOp, src0.GetCbufOffset() | (src1.GetCbufOffset() << 16), src0.GetCbufSlot());
                 }
                 else if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageLoad || texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageStore)
                 {
@@ -64,11 +64,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
                     if (src0.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
                     {
-                        texOp.SetHandle(src0.GetCbufOffset(), src0.GetCbufSlot());
+                        int cbufOffset = src0.GetCbufOffset();
-                        texOp.Format = config.GetTextureFormat(texOp.Handle, texOp.CbufSlot);
+                        int cbufSlot = src0.GetCbufSlot();
+                        texOp.Format = config.GetTextureFormat(cbufOffset, cbufSlot);
+                        SetHandle(config, texOp, cbufOffset, cbufSlot);
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        private static void SetHandle(ShaderConfig config, TextureOperation texOp, int cbufOffset, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            texOp.SetHandle(cbufOffset, cbufSlot);
+            config.SetUsedTexture(texOp.Inst, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.Flags, cbufSlot, cbufOffset);
+        }
     }
 }

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessToIndexed.cs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 {
     static class BindlessToIndexed
     {
-        public static void RunPass(BasicBlock block)
+        public static void RunPass(BasicBlock block, ShaderConfig config)
         {
             // We can turn a bindless texture access into a indexed access,
             // as long the following conditions are true:
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                texOp.TurnIntoIndexed(addSrc1.Value / 4);
+                TurnIntoIndexed(config, texOp, addSrc1.Value / 4);
 
                 Operand index = Local();
 
@@ -75,5 +75,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 texOp.SetSource(0, index);
             }
         }
+
+        private static void TurnIntoIndexed(ShaderConfig config, TextureOperation texOp, int handle)
+        {
+            texOp.TurnIntoIndexed(handle);
+            config.SetUsedTexture(texOp.Inst, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.Flags, texOp.CbufSlot, handle);
+        }
     }
 }

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/GlobalToStorage.cs

@@ -58,11 +58,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
         {
             Operation operation = (Operation)node.Value;
 
+            bool isAtomic = operation.Inst.IsAtomic();
+            bool isWrite = isAtomic || operation.Inst == Instruction.StoreGlobal;
+
+            config.SetUsedStorageBuffer(storageIndex, isWrite);
+
             Operand GetStorageOffset()
             {
                 Operand addrLow = operation.GetSource(0);
 
-                Operand baseAddrLow = Cbuf(0, GetStorageCbOffset(config.Stage, storageIndex));
+                Operand baseAddrLow = config.CreateCbuf(0, GetStorageCbOffset(config.Stage, storageIndex));
 
                 Operand baseAddrTrunc = Local();
 
@@ -96,7 +101,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
             Operation storageOp;
 
-            if (operation.Inst.IsAtomic())
+            if (isAtomic)
             {
                 Instruction inst = (operation.Inst & ~Instruction.MrMask) | Instruction.MrStorage;
 
@@ -133,7 +138,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             {
                 Operand addrLow = operation.GetSource(0);
 
-                Operand baseAddrLow = Cbuf(0, UbeBaseOffset + storageIndex * StorageDescSize);
+                Operand baseAddrLow = config.CreateCbuf(0, UbeBaseOffset + storageIndex * StorageDescSize);
 
                 Operand baseAddrTrunc = Local();
 
@@ -157,9 +162,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
             Operand[] sources = new Operand[operation.SourcesCount];
 
-            sources[0] = Const(UbeFirstCbuf + storageIndex);
+            int cbSlot = UbeFirstCbuf + storageIndex;
+
+            sources[0] = Const(cbSlot);
             sources[1] = GetCbufOffset();
 
+            config.SetUsedConstantBuffer(cbSlot);
+
             for (int index = 2; index < operation.SourcesCount; index++)
             {
                 sources[index] = operation.GetSource(index);

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/Optimizer.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             for (int blkIndex = 0; blkIndex < blocks.Length; blkIndex++)
             {
                 GlobalToStorage.RunPass(blocks[blkIndex], config);
-                BindlessToIndexed.RunPass(blocks[blkIndex]);
+                BindlessToIndexed.RunPass(blocks[blkIndex], config);
                 BindlessElimination.RunPass(blocks[blkIndex], config);
             }
 

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Rewriter.cs

@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         {
             Operation operation = (Operation)node.Value;
 
+            bool isAtomic = operation.Inst.IsAtomic();
+            bool isWrite = isAtomic || operation.Inst == Instruction.StoreGlobal;
+
             Operation storageOp;
 
             Operand PrependOperation(Instruction inst, params Operand[] sources)
@@ -67,11 +70,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             for (int slot = 0; slot < StorageMaxCount; slot++)
             {
+                config.SetUsedStorageBuffer(slot, isWrite);
+
                 int cbOffset = GetStorageCbOffset(config.Stage, slot);
 
-                Operand baseAddrLow  = Cbuf(0, cbOffset);
+                Operand baseAddrLow  = config.CreateCbuf(0, cbOffset);
-                Operand baseAddrHigh = Cbuf(0, cbOffset + 1);
+                Operand baseAddrHigh = config.CreateCbuf(0, cbOffset + 1);
-                Operand size         = Cbuf(0, cbOffset + 2);
+                Operand size         = config.CreateCbuf(0, cbOffset + 2);
 
                 Operand offset = PrependOperation(Instruction.Subtract,       addrLow, baseAddrLow);
                 Operand borrow = PrependOperation(Instruction.CompareLessU32, addrLow, baseAddrLow);
@@ -104,7 +109,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 sources[index] = operation.GetSource(index);
             }
 
-            if (operation.Inst.IsAtomic())
+            if (isAtomic)
             {
                 Instruction inst = (operation.Inst & ~Instruction.MrMask) | Instruction.MrStorage;
 
@@ -303,6 +308,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     node.List.AddBefore(node, new TextureOperation(
                         Instruction.TextureSize,
                         texOp.Type,
+                        texOp.Format,
                         texOp.Flags,
                         texOp.Handle,
                         index,
@@ -350,6 +356,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     node.List.AddBefore(node, new TextureOperation(
                         Instruction.Lod,
                         texOp.Type,
+                        texOp.Format,
                         texOp.Flags,
                         texOp.Handle,
                         1,
@@ -374,6 +381,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                         node.List.AddBefore(node, new TextureOperation(
                             Instruction.TextureSize,
                             texOp.Type,
+                            texOp.Format,
                             texOp.Flags,
                             texOp.Handle,
                             index,
@@ -409,6 +417,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             TextureOperation newTexOp = new TextureOperation(
                 Instruction.TextureSample,
                 texOp.Type,
+                texOp.Format,
                 texOp.Flags & ~(TextureFlags.Offset | TextureFlags.Offsets),
                 texOp.Handle,
                 componentIndex,

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/ShaderConfig.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation;
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 {
     class ShaderConfig
     {
+        // TODO: Non-hardcoded array size.
+        public const int SamplerArraySize = 4;
+
         public ShaderStage Stage { get; }
 
         public bool GpPassthrough { get; }
@@ -24,8 +31,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         public TranslationFlags Flags { get; }
 
-        public TranslationCounts Counts { get; }
-
         public int Size { get; private set; }
 
         public byte ClipDistancesWritten { get; private set; }
@@ -34,26 +39,70 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         public HashSet<int> TextureHandlesForCache { get; }
 
+        private readonly TranslationCounts _counts;
+
+        private int _usedConstantBuffers;
+        private int _usedStorageBuffers;
+        private int _usedStorageBuffersWrite;
+
+        private struct TextureInfo : IEquatable<TextureInfo>
+        {
+            public int CbufSlot { get; }
+            public int Handle { get; }
+            public bool Indexed { get; }
+            public TextureFormat Format { get; }
+
+            public TextureInfo(int cbufSlot, int handle, bool indexed, TextureFormat format)
+            {
+                CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
+                Handle = handle;
+                Indexed = indexed;
+                Format = format;
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return obj is TextureInfo other && Equals(other);
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(TextureInfo other)
+            {
+                return CbufSlot == other.CbufSlot && Handle == other.Handle && Indexed == other.Indexed && Format == other.Format;
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return HashCode.Combine(CbufSlot, Handle, Indexed, Format);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private struct TextureMeta
+        {
+            public bool AccurateType;
+            public SamplerType Type;
+            public TextureUsageFlags UsageFlags;
+        }
+
+        private readonly Dictionary<TextureInfo, TextureMeta> _usedTextures;
+        private readonly Dictionary<TextureInfo, TextureMeta> _usedImages;
+
+        private BufferDescriptor[] _cachedConstantBufferDescriptors;
+        private BufferDescriptor[] _cachedStorageBufferDescriptors;
+        private TextureDescriptor[] _cachedTextureDescriptors;
+        private TextureDescriptor[] _cachedImageDescriptors;
+
         public ShaderConfig(IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor, TranslationFlags flags, TranslationCounts counts)
         {
             Stage                  = ShaderStage.Compute;
-            GpPassthrough          = false;
-            OutputTopology         = OutputTopology.PointList;
-            MaxOutputVertices      = 0;
-            LocalMemorySize        = 0;
-            ImapTypes              = null;
-            OmapTargets            = null;
-            OmapSampleMask         = false;
-            OmapDepth              = false;
             GpuAccessor            = gpuAccessor;
             Flags                  = flags;
-            Size                   = 0;
+            _counts                = counts;
-            UsedFeatures           = FeatureFlags.None;
-            Counts                 = counts;
             TextureHandlesForCache = new HashSet<int>();
+            _usedTextures          = new Dictionary<TextureInfo, TextureMeta>();
+            _usedImages            = new Dictionary<TextureInfo, TextureMeta>();
         }
 
-        public ShaderConfig(ShaderHeader header, IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor, TranslationFlags flags, TranslationCounts counts)
+        public ShaderConfig(ShaderHeader header, IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor, TranslationFlags flags, TranslationCounts counts) : this(gpuAccessor, flags, counts)
         {
             Stage             = header.Stage;
             GpPassthrough     = header.Stage == ShaderStage.Geometry && header.GpPassthrough;
@@ -64,12 +113,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             OmapTargets       = header.OmapTargets;
             OmapSampleMask    = header.OmapSampleMask;
             OmapDepth         = header.OmapDepth;
-            GpuAccessor            = gpuAccessor;
-            Flags                  = flags;
-            Size                   = 0;
-            UsedFeatures           = FeatureFlags.None;
-            Counts                 = counts;
-            TextureHandlesForCache = new HashSet<int>();
         }
 
         public int GetDepthRegister()
@@ -126,5 +169,199 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         {
             UsedFeatures |= flags;
         }
+
+        public Operand CreateCbuf(int slot, int offset)
+        {
+            SetUsedConstantBuffer(slot);
+            return OperandHelper.Cbuf(slot, offset);
+        }
+
+        public void SetUsedConstantBuffer(int slot)
+        {
+            _usedConstantBuffers |= 1 << slot;
+        }
+
+        public void SetUsedStorageBuffer(int slot, bool write)
+        {
+            int mask = 1 << slot;
+            _usedStorageBuffers |= mask;
+
+            if (write)
+            {
+                _usedStorageBuffersWrite |= mask;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void SetUsedTexture(
+            Instruction inst,
+            SamplerType type,
+            TextureFormat format,
+            TextureFlags flags,
+            int cbufSlot,
+            int handle)
+        {
+            inst &= Instruction.Mask;
+            bool isImage = inst == Instruction.ImageLoad || inst == Instruction.ImageStore;
+            bool isWrite = inst == Instruction.ImageStore;
+            bool accurateType = inst != Instruction.TextureSize && inst != Instruction.Lod;
+
+            if (isImage)
+            {
+                SetUsedTextureOrImage(_usedImages, cbufSlot, handle, type, format, true, isWrite, false);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                SetUsedTextureOrImage(_usedTextures, cbufSlot, handle, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.IntCoords), false, accurateType);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void SetUsedTextureOrImage(
+            Dictionary<TextureInfo, TextureMeta> dict,
+            int cbufSlot,
+            int handle,
+            SamplerType type,
+            TextureFormat format,
+            bool intCoords,
+            bool write,
+            bool accurateType)
+        {
+            var dimensions = type.GetDimensions();
+            var isArray = type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Array);
+            var isIndexed = type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed);
+
+            var usageFlags = TextureUsageFlags.None;
+
+            if (intCoords)
+            {
+                usageFlags |= TextureUsageFlags.NeedsScaleValue;
+
+                var canScale = (dimensions == 2 && !isArray) || (dimensions == 3 && isArray);
+                if (!canScale)
+                {
+                    // Resolution scaling cannot be applied to this texture right now.
+                    // Flag so that we know to blacklist scaling on related textures when binding them.
+                    usageFlags |= TextureUsageFlags.ResScaleUnsupported;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (write)
+            {
+                usageFlags |= TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore;
+            }
+
+            int arraySize = isIndexed ? SamplerArraySize : 1;
+
+            for (int layer = 0; layer < arraySize; layer++)
+            {
+                var info = new TextureInfo(cbufSlot, handle + layer * 2, isIndexed, format);
+                var meta = new TextureMeta()
+                {
+                    AccurateType = accurateType,
+                    Type = type,
+                    UsageFlags = usageFlags
+                };
+
+                if (dict.TryGetValue(info, out var existingMeta))
+                {
+                    meta.UsageFlags |= existingMeta.UsageFlags;
+
+                    // If the texture we have has inaccurate type information, then
+                    // we prefer the most accurate one.
+                    if (existingMeta.AccurateType)
+                    {
+                        meta.AccurateType = true;
+                        meta.Type = existingMeta.Type;
+                    }
+
+                    dict[info] = meta;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    dict.Add(info, meta);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public BufferDescriptor[] GetConstantBufferDescriptors()
+        {
+            if (_cachedConstantBufferDescriptors != null)
+            {
+                return _cachedConstantBufferDescriptors;
+            }
+
+            int usedMask = _usedConstantBuffers;
+
+            if (UsedFeatures.HasFlag(FeatureFlags.CbIndexing))
+            {
+                usedMask = FillMask(usedMask);
+            }
+
+            return _cachedConstantBufferDescriptors = GetBufferDescriptors(usedMask, 0, _counts.IncrementUniformBuffersCount);
+        }
+
+        public BufferDescriptor[] GetStorageBufferDescriptors()
+        {
+            return _cachedStorageBufferDescriptors ??= GetBufferDescriptors(FillMask(_usedStorageBuffers), _usedStorageBuffersWrite, _counts.IncrementStorageBuffersCount);
+        }
+
+        private static int FillMask(int mask)
+        {
+            // When the storage or uniform buffers are used as array, we must allocate a binding
+            // even for the "gaps" that are not used on the shader.
+            // For this reason, fill up the gaps so that all slots up to the highest one are
+            // marked as "used".
+            return mask != 0 ? (int)(uint.MaxValue >> BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount((uint)mask)) : 0;
+        }
+
+        private static BufferDescriptor[] GetBufferDescriptors(int usedMask, int writtenMask, Func<int> getBindingCallback)
+        {
+            var descriptors = new BufferDescriptor[BitOperations.PopCount((uint)usedMask)];
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < descriptors.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int slot = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(usedMask);
+
+                descriptors[i] = new BufferDescriptor(getBindingCallback(), slot);
+
+                if ((writtenMask & (1 << slot)) != 0)
+                {
+                    descriptors[i].SetFlag(BufferUsageFlags.Write);
+                }
+
+                usedMask &= ~(1 << slot);
+            }
+
+            return descriptors;
+        }
+
+        public TextureDescriptor[] GetTextureDescriptors()
+        {
+            return _cachedTextureDescriptors ??= GetTextureOrImageDescriptors(_usedTextures, _counts.IncrementTexturesCount);
+        }
+
+        public TextureDescriptor[] GetImageDescriptors()
+        {
+            return _cachedImageDescriptors ??= GetTextureOrImageDescriptors(_usedImages, _counts.IncrementImagesCount);
+        }
+
+        private static TextureDescriptor[] GetTextureOrImageDescriptors(Dictionary<TextureInfo, TextureMeta> dict, Func<int> getBindingCallback)
+        {
+            var descriptors = new TextureDescriptor[dict.Count];
+
+            int i = 0;
+            foreach (var kv in dict.OrderBy(x => x.Key.Indexed).OrderBy(x => x.Key.Handle))
+            {
+                var info = kv.Key;
+                var meta = kv.Value;
+
+                int binding = getBindingCallback();
+
+                descriptors[i] = new TextureDescriptor(binding, meta.Type, info.Format, info.CbufSlot, info.Handle);
+                descriptors[i].SetFlag(meta.UsageFlags);
+                i++;
+            }
+
+            return descriptors;
+        }
     }
 }

Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Translator.cs

@@ -87,18 +87,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             StructuredProgramInfo sInfo = StructuredProgram.MakeStructuredProgram(funcs, config);
 
-            GlslProgram program = GlslGenerator.Generate(sInfo, config);
+            string glslCode = GlslGenerator.Generate(sInfo, config);
 
             shaderProgramInfo = new ShaderProgramInfo(
-                program.CBufferDescriptors,
+                config.GetConstantBufferDescriptors(),
-                program.SBufferDescriptors,
+                config.GetStorageBufferDescriptors(),
-                program.TextureDescriptors,
+                config.GetTextureDescriptors(),
-                program.ImageDescriptors,
+                config.GetImageDescriptors(),
                 config.UsedFeatures.HasFlag(FeatureFlags.InstanceId),
                 config.ClipDistancesWritten);
 
-            string glslCode = program.Code;
-
             return new ShaderProgram(config.Stage, glslCode);
         }
 
@@ -112,7 +110,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             Block[][] cfg;
             ulong maxEndAddress = 0;
 
-            bool hasBindless = false;
+            bool hasBindless;
 
             if ((flags & TranslationFlags.Compute) != 0)
             {